不同利用方式对贝加尔针茅草原土壤活性有机碳的影响

土壤活性有机碳能够准确反映土壤有效性,表征土壤质量变化,是探索可持续草地管理措施的关键指标之一。以内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原为研究对象,采用围封、放牧和刈割野外控制试验,探讨不同利用方式对土壤有机碳（SOC）和活性有机碳的影响,发现不同利用方式下土壤SOC含量表现为围封>刈割>放牧,其中围封区和刈割区土壤SOC含量显著大于放牧区,围封区与刈割区土壤SOC含量差异不显著,在土壤活性有机碳中土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量表现为放牧>围封>刈割。土壤微生物量碳（MBC）和土壤易氧化有机碳（ROC）含量均表现为围封>刈割>放牧,围封区与刈割区土壤MBC和土壤ROC平均含量差异不显著,且均显著大于放牧区。土壤MBC、ROC和SOC之间呈极显著相关性（P<0.01）。土壤ROC和土壤MBC与土壤全氮和土壤全磷呈极显著相关性（P<0.01）。围封与刈割有利于土壤SOC、MBC、ROC的提升,放牧对土壤DOC有一定累积作用。围封和刈割增强了土壤SOC的稳定性,活性有机碳与土壤有机碳和土壤理化性质密切相关,能够敏感地反映土壤有机碳的变化。     

放牧方式对青藏高原高寒草地土壤节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响北大核心CSCD

土壤节肢动物作为土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,对于周围环境的变化十分敏感,可作为环境变化的"指示剂"。放牧作为青藏高原地区高寒草地的主要利用方式,不仅影响土壤理化性质,同时会对生物多样性产生影响,进而影响到以土壤为主要生存场所的土壤节肢动物。为了明确不同放牧家畜及其混合比例对青藏高原高寒草地土壤节肢动物群落结构及多样性的影响,于2020年7月在青海省海北州海晏县西海镇"高寒草地-家畜系统适应性管理技术平台",设置中等放牧强度下牦牛单牧(YG)、藏羊单牧(SG)、牦牛藏羊1∶2混合放牧(MG1∶2)、牦牛藏羊1∶4混合放牧(MG1∶4)和牦牛藏羊1∶6混合放牧(MG1∶6)5个放牧样地,以无放牧(CK)为对照样地,采集0~5 cm、5~10cm、10~15 cm的土样,利用干漏斗法(Tullgren法)分离土壤节肢动物,并进行鉴定统计。结果表明:1)试验样地分离得到的土壤节肢动物优势类群为螨总科(Acaroidae)和甲螨总科(Oiibatida),分别占土壤节肢动物总捕获量的36.67%和41.14%,且在0~5 cm土层数量最多,具有表聚性;2)不同放牧方式对土壤节肢动物的组成、群落结构、密度及多样性存在不同的影响。与对照相比,放牧降低了土壤节肢动物优势类群螨总科的组成比例,而增加了甲螨总科的组成比例;无放牧样地与其他放牧方式样地土壤节肢动物群落结构存在明显差异;土壤节肢动物丰富度指数、多样性指数、类群数均表现为藏羊单牧放牧样地较高,而均匀度指数与之相反;3)土壤节肢动物均匀度指数与土壤全氮、全碳、速效钾呈显著负相关(P<0.05或P<0.01),而与有机质、pH呈显著正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01);土壤节肢动物丰富度指数与土壤pH呈显著负相关,而与土壤全氮、速效氮、有机质呈显著正相关;土壤节肢动物多样性指数与土壤pH呈显著负相关,而与土壤全氮、速效氮、速效磷、有机质呈显著正相关;土壤节肢动物平均密度、总类群数与土壤pH呈显著负相关,而与土壤全氮、速效氮、速效钾、有机质呈显著正相关;4)土壤全氮、全磷、全碳、速效氮、速效磷在藏羊单牧放牧样地较高;速效钾、有机质在无放牧样地最高;pH、土壤含水量在牦牛藏羊1∶6混合放牧样地最高。综上所述,在青藏高原高寒草地生态系统,藏羊单牧对于土壤节肢动物密度、群落组成以及群落多样性的提高具有正向作用。     

封育年限对典型草原大针茅无性系构件组成与生长的影响

研究不同封育年限对黄土高原大针茅(Stipa grandis)无性系构件结构组成和生长的影响,可为阐明无性系构件组成和资源分配提供一定基础。在黄土高原典型草原选取不同封育年限区(10和20年)和放牧地(对照)作为试验样地,采用整个无性系完整挖掘的方法进行大针茅无性系构件特征的研究。结果表明：1)与放牧相比,封育10年显著增加了大针茅无性系丛径、生殖枝高度和花序高度(P < 0.05),而封育20年则显著提高了大针茅无性系丛径、总枝数、生殖枝数、营养枝数、分蘖芽数、生殖枝高度、花序高度、地上总生物量、营养枝生物量和花序生物量(P < 0.05)。封育降低了大针茅生殖枝数、生殖枝高度、花序高度、地上总生物量、生殖枝生物量和花序生物量的变异系数。2)随封育年限增加,营养枝生物量比例明显提高,生殖枝生物量比例下降,但花序生物量比例基本不变。3)封育措施显著提高了营养株单株生物量(P < 0.05),但生殖株单株生物量和全体分枝单株生物量与放牧处理差异不显著(P > 0.05)。4)大针茅丛径与地上总生物量、生殖枝数、生殖枝生物量、花序生物量呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.001),与营养枝生物量呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01),与总枝数呈显著正相关关系(P < 0.05)。而地上总生物量与生殖枝数、营养枝数、总枝数、营养枝生物量呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.001),与分蘖芽数、生殖枝生物量和花序生物量呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01)。分蘖芽数与营养枝数、总枝数、营养枝生物量呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.001),与地上总生物量呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01)。综上所述,短期封育提高了大针茅的生殖分配,使大针茅迅速成为群落优势种,而长期封育使大针茅更依靠无性繁殖进行种群更新。     

颗粒在泵叶轮中的运动轨迹计算

首先推导出了在低Ｒｅ下，颗粒在水泵静止的各通流部件及旋转的叶轮中的运动轨迹方程，推导出了在高Ｒｅ下，颗粒在水泵各通流部件上的运动轨迹方程，最后，计算了不同直径的颗粒在水泵叶轮中的运动轨迹。     

Factors affecting a sheep vegetation management system in British Columbia, Canada

A silvopastoral agroforestry system involving sheep is an important silvicultural issue. We examined the factors that affect the continuation or discontinuation of sheep vegetation management (SVM) in British Columbia. A questionnaire was used to conduct interviews with a randomly selected sample of contractors and farmers who were involved in SVM in British Columbia (BC). Based on a stepwise discriminant analysis, we found that the profitability of SVM, and the practitioners' commitment (number of ewes owned by the farmer or contractor), experience (number of years the farmer or contractor has practiced SVM on public lands in BC) and trust or confidence (number of years the farmer or contractor has consistently worked for the landlord) contributed to the farmer's or contractor's continuation or discontinuation of SVM practice. The factors we defined seemed to be validated (corroborated) by a complex of determinants voiced by various experts concerning the relationship between SVM and the forestry economy in BC, the scale of sheep farming in BC, the relative absence of an agricultural infrastructure to support sheep farming in BC, and the continuity of SVM from year to year. Further investigation into these factors and others is required to advance our understanding of SVM in British Columbia. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Establishment and early growth characteristics of six Paulownia genotypes for goat browse in Raleigh, NC, USA

Meat goat production in the eastern USA is increasing as a result of growing demand from various ethnic groups. Because goats naturally prefer a high proportion of browse in their diets, research was initiated to investigate various silvopastoral production systems. The genus Paulownia contains several species which exhibit rapid juvenile growth and other characteristics that justify research into their potential use in meat goat feeding systems. In May 1997, six Paulownia genotypes were planted in a randomized complete block experiment with six replications. Trees were between 6 and 12 cm in height at planting. Genotypes included: P. fortunei seedlings, P. tomentosa seedlings, P. elongata seedlings and three P. elongata clones. Each 4-m wide plot contained a single row of 12 trees with an intra-row spacing of 1 m. Plant measurements included height, root collar diameter (RCD) at 3 cm above soil surface, and the number of main branches. Leaf samples were collected from all six replications for estimates of herbage quality. During 1998, trees were browsed with goats on two occasions to assess palatability of the herbage and to determine any preference for specific genotypes by the animals. Compared with seedling trees of all three species, the three P. elongata clones were taller (clones: 79.7 cm, seedlings: 55.9 cm; P < 0.01), had larger RCDs (clones: 18.4 mm, seedlings: 13.9 mm; P < 0.01) and had a higher branching frequency (clones: 4.9, seedlings: 1.5; P < 0.01) by the end of the first growing season. Mortality averaged 4.8% across all treatments and ranged between 0 and 8%. Early in the 1998 growing season before trees were browsed, P. elongata clones grew more rapidly than seedlings (clones: 116.4 cm, seedlings: 84.1 cm; P < 0.01). Estimates of herbage quality indicated favorable concentrations of energy and protein for lamina. In vitro true dry matter disappearance ranged from 85.4 (blades) to 71.5% (petioles) and crude protein from 25.1 (blades) to 4.9% (petioles). Animals readily browsed the lamina during two separate sessions, but no clear preference trends were observed among the different Paulownia genotypes.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Traditional agroforestry practices in Zimbabwe

Traditional agroforestry systems in the communal areas of Zimbabwe are described. There are systems centered on main fields, on home gardens, on homesites and on grazing areas. In the main fields, the major tree-related management practice is the conservation of preferred indigenous fruit trees. Fruit trees are also the focus of forestry activities around the gardens and the homesite; but here it is the planting of exotic species. In a localized area of Zimbabwe Acacia albida is important in fields. There is almost no use of tree fallows in Zimbabwe. Trees in grazing areas have numerous roles, but at present there is little knowledge about traditional management practices in these areas. In the development of agroforestry systems in Zimbabwe it is suggested that those systems designed to improve fodder production will make a significant contribution to farm productivity because of the importance of cattle in the farming system and the present fodder shortage. Interventions involving the planting of fruit trees are likely to be very successful, as there is much interest in such planting. Another area that needs to be developed is that of tree plantings to improve soil fertility.     

Agroforestry systems in North America

Agroforestry systems in North America vary widely in terms of components (tree, forb, graminoid, and shrub species) and outputs. Most of the agroforestry systems used in North America have emphasized wood and livestock production. The objective of each system has been to produce annual and long term economic returns and sustainable yields. Inputs such as fossil fuels, fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides are relatively low compared to those used in conventional agriculture.Major agroforestry system types in each of eight North American regions are described. The major species used as vegetational components in each system are enumerated by region. The numerous variations in how these components are mixed have created an almost endless number of actual systems. Management problems and solutions, economic concerns, and system comparisons have also been addressed for each region.